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Explore Joint Investment Fund Opportunities
His Excellency Sou Socheat, the Delegate of the Royal Government and Director General of the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC), led a delegation to meet with representatives of Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) Plc. On the morning of Friday, October 11, 2024, His Excellency Sou Socheat, along with his colleagues, held discussions with representatives of Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) Plc regarding joint investment fund projects. The meeting proceeded smoothly with high-level cooperation. More Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia
Roadshow: Cambodia's First CIS Fund Subscription 2024
On the morning of 10th October 2024, Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC. (BAMC) proudly hosted the First Roadshow for Cambodia’s CIS Fund Subscription 2024, in collaboration with our esteemed partner ACLEDA Securities PLC. The event was honored by the presence of H.E. Sou Socheat , Delegate of the Royal Government in charge as Director General of the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC), who graced the occasion with his high presidency. This landmark event marks a pivotal moment in the development of Cambodia’s financial sector, where we officially introduced the BAMC Asia Equity Fund (BAEF) to the public. Through insightful presentations and dynamic discussions, we promoted the potential of the CIS fund to a diverse audience, including institutional investors, industry professionals, and individuals eager to explore new investment opportunities. The roadshow provided participants with a deep dive into the benefits and unique features of the CIS fund, showcasing how it paves the way for broader participation in Cambodia’s growing capital market. It also highlighted our commitment to delivering innovative financial products that cater to the needs of both local and international investors. This event not only signified a significant milestone for Banjaran Asset Management, but also underscored the rapid expansion of Cambodia’s financial markets and the increasing role of the CIS fund in driving economic growth and investment opportunities in the region. We are incredibly grateful for the support and participation of all attendees, and we look forward to continuing our mission to make financial investments accessible to all while contributing to the future growth of Cambodia's economy.
Earth Warriors Day 2024: Uniting for a greener future at Oudong Pagoda
Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) Plc is proud to have actively participated in Earth Warriors Day 2024. Our team joined forces with the community to contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable environment. Together, we remain committed to environmental stewardship and fostering long-term positive impact for future generations. 28-September-2024
BAMC Asia Equity Fund – Cambodia’s First Fund – Fund Distributor Launch Event
On 23 July 2024, Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC. successfully hosted the “BAMC Asia Equity Fund – Cambodia’s First Fund – Fund Distributor Launch Event.” The event marked a significant milestone with the official signing of the Fund Distribution Agreement between Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC. and ACLEDA Securities PLC. The ceremony was held under the high presidency of H.E. Sou Socheat , Delegate of the Royal Government in charge as Director General of the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC), who was accompanied by associates from the SERC. The launch brought together distinguished guests, regulatory representatives, and valued partners, reflecting strong collaboration and support for the growth of Cambodia’s capital market. This milestone not only represents the introduction of the First Collective Investment Fund in Cambodia but also highlights the commitment of Banjaran AMC and its partners to creating accessible investment opportunities and strengthening the financial sector in this emerging market.
Unlocking Investment Opportunities: Banjaran Asset Management Explores CIS Potential in Cambodia
Phnom Penh, Cambodia – Mr. Aaron NG, CEO of Banjaran Asset Management (Singapore), participated in a lively discussion on the “Fireside Chat on The Opportunities, Preparedness, and Potential of the Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) Business.” The event, moderated by H.E Dr. Vin Pheakdey, Deputy Director General of the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC), delved into the evolving landscape of CIS in Cambodia. Mr. NG shared insights on how the CIS business can unlock new opportunities for local and international investors while addressing the preparedness of market participants. The discussion highlighted the potential of CIS to strengthen Cambodia's financial services sector and increase access to investment opportunities across the region.
Government and Banjaran Asset Management Hold Productive Talks on New Collective Investment Scheme Fund
Phnom Penh, Cambodia - A significant meeting took place between His Excellency Su Sochet, the Director General of the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC), and representatives from Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC. The delegation, led by H.E. Su Sochet, met to discuss the establishment and future prospects of Banjaran’s new Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) fund. This crucial dialogue aimed to align regulatory frameworks with the goals of the fund, ensuring its compliance with Cambodian financial regulations. The new CIS fund is expected to provide Cambodian investors with a broader range of investment options, allowing them access to international markets and enhanced financial growth opportunities. The discussions were highly productive, with both parties expressing optimism about the future of the fund and its potential to drive growth within Cambodia’s burgeoning financial services sector. The meeting also reinforced Banjaran Asset Management’s commitment to promoting robust investment solutions while adhering to the highest standards of governance and transparency. This marks a significant milestone for Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC as it continues to collaborate closely with the SERC, bringing innovative investment opportunities to the Cambodian market. More Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia
Investment Education Series related to Collective Investment Scheme (Part Three)
The Investment in Collective Investment Scheme In part two of the Investment Education Series, we discussed the needs and merits of investing as well as the benefits of investment diversification. The article concluded that an investment fund, or Collective Investment Scheme fund offers the best option for individuals to invest and grow their wealth steadily over time. A fund also helps to lower investment risk through diversification, all while keeping investing affordable to the public. In this article, we will share the real case study of the first Investment fund that was approved by the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC) on 15 November 2023, the BAMC Asia Equity Fund (BAEF). BAEF is managed by Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC (BAMC), a SERC-licensed asset management company based in Cambodia. The fund lawyer is HBS Law and the fund auditor is Crowe (KH) Co., Ltd, both of which got the accreditation from the SERC. The fund trustee is Stronghold Trustee Co., Ltd which is also a SERC-licensed CIS trustee. In summary, in the ecosystem of the CIS, all players shall get a license, approval, or accreditation from the SERC. About BAMC Asia Equity Fund BAEF is a fund investing in a diversified portfolio of 30 or more companies listed on major stock exchanges across Asia Pacific Ex-Japan. The fund targets to provide the benefits of investing in Asia, which economists globally see as the premier growth region in the coming years. The fund’s tagline is “The Rise of Asia”. According to the disclosure documents, BAEF targets a return of 7% to 10% per annum over the medium to long term, yet this return is not guaranteed. The investment in fund is considered as a form of a regular savings plan. The invested amount can eventually be used for children's education, healthcare, to part fund the purchase of a house, or for retirement. To invest in the fund, the investor shall obtain an investor ID from the SERC first. However, for those who already have the investor ID, they do not need to re-apply for the investor ID. Below is a term sheet for the BAEF fund: Key Consideration Before Making Investment Decision Generally, fund managers make investments using basic approaches like the top-down approach and bottom-up approach. A top-down approach is when the fund manager looks at macro factors such as, economic cycles, inflation, interest rates, global trends, etc. The bottom-up approach is when the fund manager looks at the features of the individual securities that they invest in such as, the balance sheet, profit and loss statement, management, products, and services, etc. The BAEF adopts both approaches in making their investments. Bottom-up Approach: Sustainable Growth in the Long-term The fund manager will select companies that have proven sustainable business models and have proven track records. The fund manager will look at audited financial statements, valuation, and quality of management amongst other things. Top-down Approach: Why Invest in Asia? Stable Productive Population in the coming 10 to 20 years Asia has a large population base and a favorable demographics. It has a large segment of the younger population which will translate to a stable productive workforce over the next 10 to 20 years. This will result in higher income and higher consumption. These factors will help to drive the region’s economy and its businesses to grow. Relative to poor demographics from regions like the US and Europe, Asia is preferred. Strong Economic Growth In terms of economic growth, Asia is also growing faster and is bigger than the EU and North America. According to an IMF report dated Oct 2023, real GDP growth in 2023 is highest in Asia Pacific at 4.4% vs EU at 1% and North America at 2.1%. As % a share of the total world’s GDP, Asia Pacific share is 45.6%, the EU at 21.0% and North America at 18.7%. Benefits from the World’s Largest Free-Trade Agreement and Pro-Business Governments Asia’s economic growth will be further enhanced after 15 Asian countries recently signed a free-trade agreement known as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), which will be the world’s largest free-trading bloc. The free-trade agreement should enhance trading activities and thus further drive GDP growth as a result. In its forecast, IMF projected Asia to remain as the strongest GDP growth region in 2028 at 3.9% vs EU at 1.6% and North America at 2.1%. Investment Education Series related to Collective Investment Scheme (Part Three) Asian Companies are Recognizable Globally Asia now has many homegrown listed companies which are recognizable globally. These companies are well-managed and have strong financials. They include companies like Singapore Airlines, Alibaba, Tencent, Samsung Electronics, TSMC, Grab, BYD and many others. Asia Markets Remain Cheap Despite Asia’s bigger population base and stronger economic growth, Asian stocks trade at much lower levels as compared to EU and US stocks based on valuation ratios like price-to-earnings, price-to-book value, and price-to-sales. These ratios are financial metrics that measure and analyze stock prices in unit terms and compare them with those of peers or competitors. The lower the financial ratio, typically the more attractive is the stock market or a particular stock. Furthermore, Asia ex-Japan accounts for 58% of the world’s population, and 48% of the world's economy, yet it accounts for only 12.42% of the investments made in the stock markets globally. BAMC views that the under-representation of Asian stock investments will have to be adjusted upwards eventually. Is it the Right Time to Invest Now? There is no right or wrong time to invest in the stock markets. Investing is a disciplined approach to set aside the savings and put them regularly into investments like an investment fund. Past market cycles show that each time markets fall, they will rebound. And when they rebound, they will set a new market high. In other words, stock markets tend to rise over the long term though in between, they may correct according to economic cycle or on non-economic-related events like war, pandemic, etc. In the current situation, stock markets in general have fallen since the beginning of 2022 on the back of several key events like the Russian-Ukraine war and the sharp increase in US interest rate. Is this an opportune time to invest? BAMC has analyzed the past market cycles and noted that after each significant event that had caused stocks to fall, they had rebounded sharply after riding out that event: Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 – the collapse of Asian currencies led by the Thai Baht and which spread to other Asian currencies, caused Asian markets to tumble. But they rebounded some 155% from the low in 1997 until 2000. Dot.com Bust 2000 and September 2001 – global markets fell when the US dot.com bubble went bust in 2000, and it was further made worse by the September 2001 bombing of the Twin Towers in the US. A couple of years later in 2003, Asian markets started to recover and moved higher. It rebounded some 360% since 2003. Global Financial Crisis in 2007 – the collapse of US banks Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers in 2007 caused global markets to take a sharp tumble. The fall was rather short-lived and within less than two years, global markets recovered sharply by 236%. COVID-19 in 2020 – again global markets took a nosedive when the pandemic started. However decisive action by global central banks to provide funding to businesses affected by the pandemic caused the markets to again rebound very quickly. The markets fell but rebounded within a short span of six months by some 90%. Russia-Ukraine war and spike in inflation and interest rate hike in 2022 – markets have since fallen. Is it time to buy? An article from the Securities & Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC)
Investment Education Series related to Collective Investment Scheme (Part Two)
Why Invest and the Importance of Investment Diversification Investment diversification across different asset classes would lower the risks compared to traditional investment portfolios. With the launch of the first Collective Investment Scheme (CIS), which was approved by the Securities and Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC) recently, Cambodians now have an opportunity to further protect their investments. The CIS scheme now allows Cambodians to diversify their asset types into more legitimate investments across different countries which in turn lowers the risks. A further line of protection is with the investments being carried out only with fund managers licensed by SERC. The SERC recently approved Cambodia’s first SERC-approved CIS fund – the BAMC Asia Equity Fund, managed by Banjaran Asset Management Cambodia. Diversification of investment is not a new concept and is something that is propagated and recommended even by the world financial leaders. According to the world’s 6th richest man and famous investor Warren Buffet, “Never depend on a single income. Make an investment to create a second source”. There are many benefits to investing whereby it helps wealth creation with investors making more money. For Cambodians, it also paves the way for financial independence, eventually leading to them not worrying about their financial stability. It can also be a solid source of additional income to top up their regular income. Importantly, it could also serve as a protection against inflation, giving the investor the freedom of affordability when prices of goods increase. The positive wealth-creation effect of investing is illustrated in Figure 1 below: Investors, naturally would expect their assets to grow over time as they continue to maintain their investments. However, it is also important to note that all investments come with a certain amount of risk. The higher the return, the higher the risk. These risks can be moderated through a simple action of diversifying the investment in the regulated financial products. Currently, Cambodians tend to grow their wealth primarily through two forms of investments: bank fixed deposits and land-related investments. According to CEIC Data, in August 2023, Cambodia saw a record high of US$40.9 billion in total bank deposits. This was an increase from US$37 billion recorded a year ago. ❖ Other Types of Investment There are many investment options available for investors, ranging from lower-risk investments like bank deposits and investment-grade bonds to the extremely high-risk investments like private debt and private equities where investors may potentially lose all their invested capital. ❖ Investment Diversification Investment diversification is the process of spreading your investments across different asset classes (bank deposits, stocks, bonds, real estate, etc), across different countries (HK/China, US, Japan, Singapore, Thailand, etc), and across different industry sectors (banking, consumer, technology, property, etc). The main objective is to spread the risk such that if one investment goes bad, it should not affect the overall investment. When investments are diversified, the risk is lower. In an equities collective investment scheme fund, for example, the risk of investing in stocks can be reduced through diversification. This is done by creating a basket of stocks (known as a portfolio) comprising of 30 different stocks. The diversification benefits include not just from an increase in the number of stocks invested, but also by investing in different countries and across different industry sectors such as banking, property, consumer, telecoms, technology, etc. Through diversification by adding more stocks to a fund, the risk is greatly reduced. The illustration below shows the diversification benefit-risk reduces as more stocks are added to the portfolio: One point to note is that while adding more stocks to a portfolio will reduce risk, it will come to a point where the residual risk cannot be further reduced as more stocks are added. This residual risk is known as the market risk (indicated by * in Figure 3), which cannot be diversified away. An example of market risk is when a major war breaks out, or a global pandemic that goes out of control, on a scale that is worse than COVID-19. For an individual, it is troublesome to practice investment diversification. Firstly, the investment amount may be too small to diversify into different asset classes, or to buy too many stocks. Secondly, transaction costs may be high and will affect the investment return as a result. Thirdly, the investor may not have time or knowledge to track the different investments and this may lead to taking no action as a result. And lastly, investors may lack the discipline to maintain proper investments. Likewise, Cambodians generally should diversify their asset types into more legitimate investments. A good diversification would be to invest some in fixed deposits, land-related investments, and collective investment scheme funds. Collective Investment Scheme (CIS) fund collects monies from different investors and pools them together for investment purposes. Each investor retains ownership and control of his own units in the fund. The fund then invests in assets like stocks, bonds, real estate, etc. For an equities CIS fund, for example, a professional fund manager licensed by the SERC does the investment work. Investors can choose when to invest or exit the fund. Funds come with different investment strategies and objectives and appeal to different investors with different risk appetites. Investing in a CIS fund should offer investors an easy way to meet their investment and investment diversification objectives. An investment fund offers multiple benefits. This includes it being professionally managed by a SERC-licensed fund manager and the fund is separately approved by the SERC for sale to the investing public. It may offer diversification benefits as some CIS funds will invest in a diversified portfolio of stocks across different countries and different industry sectors The initial investment amount can be set at an affordable level, for example as low as US$500. With this small amount of investment, an investor can own units in a portfolio of approximately 30 stocks or more. It also gives Investors the right to buy and sell the fund on a daily basis with the pricing of the fund being transparent and published daily in the local media. Investing should generate a reasonable, positive return with a manageable degree of risk. Individuals should generally invest in products that are regulated by the SERC, and managed by SERC-licensed fund managers. To be able to invest in a fund unit, the investor shall obtain the Investor Identification Number (ID) from the SERC first. Investors should also practice investment diversification to minimize investment risk. CIS fund offers investors the ease of investing, and also provides the other benefits from investment including diversification. An article from the Securities & Exchange Regulator of Cambodia (SERC)
Joins Global "#WeThe15" Movement at National Centre of Disabled
Phnom Penh, Cambodia – Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC. participated in the global "#WeThe15" event held at the National Centre of Disabled. This event, part of the worldwide campaign to represent the 1.2 billion people living with disabilities, aims to advocate for their inclusion, rights, and visibility. As part of the "#WeThe15" movement, Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC stood alongside other organizations in promoting greater awareness and support for persons with disabilities. The event featured a series of engaging activities, discussions, and initiatives focused on driving equal opportunities and improving accessibility for those with disabilities. Banjaran Asset Management (Cambodia) PLC's involvement in this global initiative highlights its dedication to corporate social responsibility, fostering an inclusive community, and supporting efforts toward equality and empowerment. Through initiatives like "#WeThe15," the company remains committed to making a positive impact both locally and globally.
Market Outlook
2025 February Market Outlook: Deepseek Shakes Up AI—Is China’s Tech Rebound Just Beginning?
The launch of Deepseek marks a notable development for China as the startup claims it is significantly more efficient than widespread models developed by US companies. The startup also claims to have developed the model with only US$ 6 million and has made their model publicly available for use globally. This stands in contrast to US technology firms, which have been spending billions of dollars. Additionally, the availability of Deepseek’s model has raised concerns about potential reductions in AI infrastructure investment. Our view is that these investments will continue since the US sees AI as a national security issue and will continue to advance their own AI models. The rise of Deepseek has also brought investor attention back to Chinese technology firms with their share prices rebounding strongly. Despite the meteoric rise, valuations are still at reasonable levels though we do expect profit-taking along the way given the recent sharp rise. We believe the positive shift in China’s stock market is at its early innings given how negative global investors have been on China over the past few years. We will be closely monitoring the outlook from major Chinese technology companies in their coming earnings results, along with key political events such as the upcoming Chinese government’s Two Sessions. These developments could further bolster investors interest in China. So far, earnings results from most US technology firms that we monitor were only marginally disappointing, yet significant price corrections have followed. We see this as a result of high analyst expectations and stretched valuations, which have amplified volatility even on minor earnings misses. That said, market sentiment remains positive, and with no signs of a recession, we will continue to maintain our positions.
2025 January Market Outlook: Strategies for Navigating a Shifting Global Landscape
In our previous update, we briefly shared our outlook for 2025, and we maintain our view that market risks will be driven by three key factors: the uncertain interest rate trajectory in the US, elevated US equity valuations in the sectors that we monitor and heightened geopolitical risks globally. These factors are likely to result in higher volatility in equity markets compared to recent years. However, this does not mean that equity prices will drop precipitously. Instead, we simply believe a more cautious approach to positioning and stock picking is warranted. The US equity market has benefited from the strength in its economy and leading position in artificial intelligence (“AI”) technologies. This has led to high earnings expectations being baked into stock valuations, which we find to be optimistic given the looming risk of tariffs and the ongoing cooling of the general economy. Some argue that the Trump administration will reduce corporate taxes to boost earnings and control interest rates despite inflation risks. Our view is that timing all these initiatives to benefit the US economy will be challenging and there will likely be knee-jerk reactions to any significant policy announcements, earnings misses and economic data surprises. For ASEAN countries, while the “China + 1” narrative is beneficial, they may not be spared from US tariffs as Trump announced his attention to impose tariffs on close allies such as the EU and Canada. Additionally, recent US technology export regulations were tightened, and none of the ASEAN countries were included in the list of “US allies” who were granted unrestricted access to advanced semiconductors. In other developed markets such as major EU countries and Japan, we believe that their economies are still struggling to pick-up meaningfully. Coupled with the ongoing geopolitical environment, we will continue to be selective in increasing exposure to these regions. Among the countries we monitor, we believe that China could be a bright spot in 2025, provided the administration acts strongly and decisively. They have announced ambitious goals to stimulate the economy with no concrete actions yet, in our view. We will be monitoring their key policy meetings for actionable plans before significantly increasing our weighting in the region.
2024 December Market Outlook: Balancing Caution and Opportunity Amid Global Economic Shifts
Recently, China has expressed increasing urgency to stabilize its property market and domestic consumption, through stronger-than-usual language from the administration. Given that these were mostly high-level statements, we remain skeptical on the announcement given the Chinese government’s hesitance to implement substantial economic stimulus in recent years. In the US, we also see that there has been growing interest in value stocks, as investors seek opportunities in undervalued companies amid concentrated gains in companies like the Magnificent Seven. At current valuations, Goldman Sachs has forecasted that the broader S&P500 index will return a mere 3% annually over the next 10 years. We will however remain focused and selective on US opportunities - buying on dips, looking at undervalued stocks or even going into smaller capitalization companies if they have differentiated business models or products. We believe this approach is more sensible under the current conditions of uncertainty in both the global economy and geopolitics heading into 2025.
2024 November Market Outlook: Balancing Chinese Stimulus and U.S. Political Shifts
The Chinese administration have announced their intention to rollout an additional RMB 6 trillion package to support the debt burden of local governments and China’s finance minister also gave forward guidance that they would be introducing new measures to further stabilize the property market. While the headline number of RMB 6 trillion seems substantial, ultimately it was not impressive as the debt swap is intended to occur gradually over the next 3 years. Furthermore, there is uncertainty over how the local governments will spur their respective economies once their debt position improves. A positive note is that there has been some initial rebound in property sales. However, we believe near-term equity valuations in China are likely to remain rangebound until further stimulus measures are announced given the modest earnings results so far. In the US, the presidential election results were a red sweep, where the Republican party took control of the House and Senate. This shift is expected to lead to more decisive policy action going forward which would be beneficial for domestic US companies. Nevertheless, President Donald Trump’s erratic nature may cause bouts of market volatility despite the anticipated policy clarity. Going forward into 2025, we remain constructive on technology companies. With overall valuation levels in this space remaining high and economic growth still normalizing, we shall selectively initiate new positions. We note that equity markets have been exhibiting high amounts of volatility on surprising economic data or slight earnings misses. We believe this is due to the high valuations observed in the broad equity market. Though disappointing earnings results may signal the start of a deterioration in business performance, we tend to see that most of these reactions are overblown over a long-term horizon. This presenting attractive buying opportunities.
2024 October Market Outlook: Hong Kong and China Stocks Await Policy Boost as AI Growth Persists in the US
Since the initial surge in the Hong Kong and Chinese stock market, significant profit taking has followed. Despite this, we maintain our view that company valuations in the region remains attractive. The main event that we are monitoring is towards the end of this month, where China holds their Politburo Standing Committee. We expect major stimulus measures to be announced given the state of their economy, and this should result in a positive impact to stock valuations. In the absence of strong stimulus measures, we will be reassessing our view on the region. We remain confident that investments in artificial intelligence (“AI”) applications will remain strong through 2025, driven by the industry's continued high-growth potential. While sales momentum has moderated, we believe this cycle has several more quarters of growth ahead. As a result, we believe that modest selloffs in the US technology sector are potentially attractive entry points.
2024 September Market Outlook: Tech Stocks Face Headwinds as AI Valuations Come Under Scrutiny
Since the last newsletter, technology stocks continued to underperform as investors began to question the premium valuations that these companies command since the start of the artificial intelligence (“AI”) narrative. There is no doubt that AI will result in long-term productivity gains as more companies begin to announce standalone AI products. Additionally, continued improvements in AI hardware will likely accelerate development going forward. As we assess the current investment landscape, we anticipate the road forward for AI-related opportunities to be less smooth than the past year as investors increasingly scrutinize the potential for these AI investments and applications to deliver solid returns. We believe that the first to see widespread AI adoption would be in areas that provide support in pattern recognition and personal assistance. These applications, while not entirely new, have progressed significantly over the past year. To illustrate, Salesforce has recently announced Agent Force, a client servicing bot that is easily customizable for different industry applications. Compared to older chatbots, early adopters of Agent Force have seen a 40% improvement in customer query resolution. In healthcare, doctors are also increasingly using AI to assist with effective diagnosis and drug development. We are well positioned to benefit from increasing AI adoption over the long-term on this front. Where we are looking to gain additional exposure is in AI-related hardware. We are tracking several data center equipment and power management companies. However, these sectors in general are trading at a high premium and are already well-invested. We believe we should take a more considered approach prior to initiating a significant position given the high valuations. The AI landscape is undoubtedly changing very quickly, and we will be flexible on our positions depending on the developments that unfold going forward.